Review of Social Psychology Book by Claude Steele

Claude Steele, in his book â€Å"Whistling Vivaldi,† sheds new light on how pervasive stereotypes can influence individual’s behavior and academic performance, and how they perpetuate in different social groups. Stereotype threat, as defined by Steele, is â€Å"being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about a social group one identifies with.† (Steele, 1997) It is a general phenomenon – standard predicament of life – that springs from intersubjectivity. (p.5) We tend to spontaneously categorize and label people according to their social groups. Whenever someone is placed in a situation where a certain stereotype can be applied to themselves, they can be judged and treated accordingly. When individuals†¦show more content†¦For example, Asian males are under the stereotype that they excel in math. When Asian males who are relatively weak at math (compared to others in the group) are exposed to such identity contingencies, they may be facing the fear of disconfirming the group’s positive stereotype and result in low performance. The pressure to perform as well as expected may create anxiety from the possibility of being the atypical subtype of the group. Also, Walton has proposed a theory of stereotype lift, which is enhancement in performance when people are exposed to negative stereotype. (Walt on Cohen, 2003) To strengthen the conclusions of the research, collecting samples across populations with varying aspects should be considered. Since stereotype threat has proven to be such a big factor affecting stereotyped individuals’ academic achievement, many researchers have turned their attention toward reducing such threats. Psychological intervention allowing minority students to become less susceptible to negative stereotypes about the group’s abilities significantly improved their performance at school for a long time. Encouraging self-affirmation allowed people to affirm their self-worth and perceive themselves as good and competent, improving their performance at school and reducing accessibility of racial stereotypes. Self-affirmation alleviated anxiety from psychological threat ofShow MoreRelated Stereotypes and Identity in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun3301 Words   |  14 Pagesa society. The dominant group of a certain society, which in this case is probably Caucasians and men, usually creates these social constructions. Claude M. Steele, a researcher from Stanford University , performed multiple research studies on the idea and psychological effects of stereotypes on its victims. In his studies, he coins the term â€Å"stereotype threat† as the â€Å"social-psychological predicament that can arise from widely-known negative stereotypes about ones group,† which implies that â€Å"theRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesTopics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting a cost and time baseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 Critical

Statistics on Child Sexual Abuse

Child sexual abuse is such a devastating crime because its victims are those least able to protect themselves or speak out, while those who perpetrate it are most likely to be repeat offenders. Many pedophiles follow career paths—including the clergy, athletic coaches, and counselors of troubled youth—that provide them with a steady stream of underage victims, while simultaneously and ironically, earning them the trust of other adults. The following facts and statistics, drawn from the National Center for Victims of Crime Child Sexual Abuse fact sheet, reveals the scope of child sexual abuse in the United States and its devastating long-term impact on a childs life. Underreporting Perhaps the most troublesome aspect regarding child sexual abuse is that its a significantly under-reported crime thats difficult to prove or prosecute. Most perpetrators of child molestation, incest, and child rape are rarely identified or brought to justice. According to the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), almost 80,000 cases of child sexual abuse reported each year fall far short of the actual number. Abuse frequently goes unreported because child victims are afraid to tell anyone what happened and the legal procedure for validating an episode is difficult. Child Sex Abuse Percentages by Gender and Age Children are most vulnerable to sexual abuse between the ages of 7 and 13. In the May 1997 issue of Pediatric Annual, Dr. Ann Botash estimated that 25% of girls and 16% of boys experience sexual abuse before they turn 18. Statistics for boys may be falsely low because of reporting techniques. 67% were under age 1834% were under age 1214% were under age 6 Offenders are Often People Children Know and Trust Bureau of Justice Statistics from 2000 revealed that all victims of sexual assault reported to law enforcement agencies, of offenders who victimized children under age 6, 40% were under age 18. 96% were known to their victims50% were acquaintances or friends20% were fathers16% were relatives4% were strangers How Poor Parenting Affects Child Sex Abuse Sociologist and researcher Dr. David Finkelhor, who specializes in child sexual abuse and related topics, notes that its often a parents connection (or lack thereof) to his/her child puts that child at greater risk of being sexually abused. Despite what children are taught about stranger danger, most child victims are abused by someone they know and trust. When the abuser is not a family member, the victim is more often a boy than a girl. The results of a three-state study of reported rape survivors under age 12 revealed the following about offenders: Parental inadequacyParental unavailabilityParent-child conflictA poor parent-child relationship Psychological Ramifications of Early Sex Abuse AACAP findings indicate that a child of five or older who knows and cares for the abuser becomes trapped between affection or loyalty for the person and the sense that the sexual activities are terribly wrong. If the child tries to break away from the sexual relationship, the abuser may threaten the child with violence or loss of love. When sexual abuse occurs within the family, the child may fear the anger, jealousy or shame of other family members, or be afraid the family will break up if the secret is told. How Perpetrators Influence or Intimidate Their Victims Child sexual abuse involves coercion and occasionally violence. Perpetrators offer attention and gifts, manipulate or threaten the child, behave aggressively or use a combination of these tactics. In one study of child victims, half were subjected to a physical force such as being held down, struck, or violently shaken. The Impact of Incest Girls are the victims of incest and/or intrafamily sexual abuse much more frequently than boys. Between 33-50% of perpetrators who sexually abuse girls are family members, while only 10-20% of those who sexually abuse boys are intrafamily perpetrators. Intrafamily abuse continues over a longer period of time than sexual abuse outside the family, and some forms—such as parent-child abuse—have more serious and lasting consequences. Recognizing Signs of Child Sex Abuse Behavioral changes are often the first signs of sexual abuse. These can include nervous or aggressive behavior toward adults, early and age-inappropriate sexual provocativeness, alcohol consumption and the use of other drugs. Boys are more likely than girls to act out or behave in aggressive and antisocial ways. Chronic depressionLow self-esteemSexual dysfunctionMultiple personalitiesDissociative responses and other signs of post-traumatic stress syndromeChronic states of arousalNightmaresFlashbacksVenereal diseaseAnxiety over sexFear of exposing the body during medical exams When Kids Abuse Kids According to research commissioned by the Justice Department from the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire, more than one-third of all sex crimes against juveniles are perpetrated by other juveniles. Juvenile offenders make up 36% of sex offenders who victimize minors.Seven out of eight of these offenders are at least 12 years old93% are male. Steps Parents Can Take to Stop Child Sex Abuse Keeping open lines of communication with kids is crucial in order to prevent or curtail child sexual abuse. Children must understand that sexual abuse is never the victims fault. First, children should be taught what behavior is appropriate affection—and what is not. Next, children must be made to understand that if someone—even someone they know, including a family member—is behaving toward them in an inappropriate manner, they should tell their parents immediately. The AACAP says that while children should be taught to respect adults, that does not mean adhering to blind obedience to adults and to authority. For example, telling children to always do everything the teacher or babysitter tells you to do is not good advice. Children should be taught to trust their instincts. If someone tries to touch your body and do things that make you feel funny, say NO to that person and tell me right away. Sources Medline Plus: Child Sexual Abuse.  U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.  Child Sexual Abuse Statistics. National Center for Victims of Crime. Finkelhor, Davidï » ¿; Shattuck, Anne; Turner, Heather A.; Hamby, Sherry L. The Lifetime Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Assessed in Late Adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health—55. pp. 329, 329-333. 2014Koch, Wendy. Study: Many Sex Offenders are Kids Themselves. USA Today. January 4, 2009.Sex Abuse. , No. 9. American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry. November 2014.Facts for Familys GuideFinkelhor, David. Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse. The Future of Children. 1994Becker, Judith. Offenders: Characteristics and Treatment. The Future of Children. 1994

Work Ethics Free Essays

According to Webster’s Dictionary â€Å"work ethics is a belief in work as a moral good.† Which is basically saying you do your work because you want to, not because you have to, and maybe get noticed for it? Some people work because they have to but if you have work ethic for what you work for it’s because you are doing it because you like and thinks it is a good job. If you do job just because then it is not considered a good work ethic, it is considered a work ethic but you only do the job because you have to do it. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those with a good work ethic often also possess generally strong character. This means they are self-disciplined, pushing themselves to complete work tasks instead of requiring others to intervene. They are also often very honest and trustworthy, as they view these traits as befitting the high-quality employees they seek to become, to demonstrate their strong character, these workers embody these positive traits daily, likely distinguishing themselves from the rest.I have a work ethic. My work ethic is working in the library at my high school. I work in the library because I have to. I don’t like to work in the library but I do because it is a good work ethic. I work here because they need help. Many students leave school ill-prepared for the workplace. Poor academic skills and work habits limit their understanding of how they might fit into the adult world. Work-based learning addresses this problem by extending the walls of the classroom to include the whole community, giving students real world experiences and opportunities to apply academic skills in the workplace. Work-based learning is an integral part of school to careers transition, combining school-based learning and work-based learning into an integrated experience for all students. Through work-based learning, â€Å"Employers reinforce academic lessons, schools emphasize career applications, students gain experience in the adult world of work and connections to a range of post-secondary options, including college, technical training and skilled entry level work.† The National Center for Career and Technical Education (NCCTE) defines career development as â€Å"the total constellation of psychological, sociological, education, physical, economic, and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total lifespan of any given individual.† Work-based learning is defined as a coherent sequence of job training and work experience that involves actual work experience and connects classroom learning to work activities. One of the key elements that lead to the success of a school to careers system is work-based learning. Students must have access to a range of developmentally appropriate work-based learning experiences. Schools and employers need flexibility to develop a school to careers transition that builds on local strengths and is tailored to local needs and circumstances. The work-based component may include a variety of activities including job shadowing, school based enterprises, entrepreneurial programs, dual enrollment, mentorships, career pathways, and service learning to name a few. Using a range of in-school and out-of-school strategies – paid or unpaid work experiences during the school day or after school – with programs customized to fit the needs of young people, school, businesses, and the local community, the main focus of any of these work-based learning experiences is that they must offer academic study, professional/technical skills, and work related experiences. Although most people have wanted to concentrate their efforts related to work-based learning on students in the upper years of high school, they should realize that programs that do not start until the 11th grade miss the chance to make a significant impact on many students. Work-based experiences need to take a progressive sequential approach that includes preparation (feeder) experiences starting as early as elementary or middle school. It is crucial to include younger students before they become discouraged and disengaged or drop out of school altogether. â€Å"Feeder† experiences expose young people to a range of career opportunities through such options as summer internships, job shadowing, and career exploration workshops, all of which are geared to the connection between school and work and the integration of academic and occupational training. Ideally the work-based learning component is delivered through a planned program of job training and other employment experiences related to a chosen career. How to cite Work Ethics, Papers

Scale Distributed Computing and Applications †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Scale Distributed Computing and Applications. Answer: Introduction: When a system is proposed that requires strong authentication and authorization then multi-tier client server architecture is most preferred and effective. In this model handling of application is done at the client and functions data management is done at the server. Management of data is performed right-on and thus, interaction handling between application processing and the clients is not necessary. In multi-tier architecture application modules are separated and subdivided into several tiers depending on their functionalities. Every tier basically executes on different systems. This offers distribution and, therefore, doing away with the disadvantage of single point failure. As compared to single or two-tier, security of applications and data is higher in multi-tier architecture (Helmer, Poulovassilis, Xhafa, 2011). Single point of failures is eliminated in the application. Utilization of load balancer in the distribution of traffic across several web servers aids in removal of single point failure. Provides high level security: deployment of many tiers assists in enhancing data and application security. Attackers are limited by the absence of point of failures, therefore, their ability to take control over data and applications have been narrowed. The possibility of clients interacting with unauthorized data has been greatly reduced as clients dont to access the database directly. Diverse networks have distinctive security needs which limits how an end user interacts with the server. For instance, if an end user is connected to the internet, their communication with the servers is regulated by a firewall. The existence of a firewall that is not under the manipulation of a client restricts the selection of the protocols to use. several firewalls are set up to enable HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) to go through them and not IIOP (internet inter-orb protocol). (Singh, 2011). Authentication is also influenced by security requirements. Authentication of users if a client and server are within similar security domain like an intranet of company as compared where they are on different domains like over the internet which requires more sophisticated scheme for logging in (Vogel, Arnold, Chughtai, Kehrer, 2011). According to Qian (2010),functionality of the multi-tier Architecture is considered unique as it is subdivided into 3 logical modules including; application, business management and data services. These logical modules can be mapped into three or several physical nodules. Application services- the general functionality of this module is more of the user interface and presentation needs and is run on the client side, that is, it is run on the clients desktop/ browser which support widowing operating platform. modifications in functionality is determined by the simplicity of use or creative considerations, basically human factors. Data services are deployed using the technologies of database servers, which is likely to be run on high bandwidth and immense performance stations that handle a lot of clients interconnected over a network. Data services are likely to be modified when relationship among stored data and representation changes. Business services mirror the encrypted information about business processes. They handle and incorporate data received from the data services and make it available to application services. Business services are basically utilized by several clients and so they are likely to be situated on unique servers despite the fact that they may be located on similar node as data services. According to Cristea, (2010), partitioning functionality offers a comparatively stable design for scalability. Reference List HELMER, S., POULOVASSILIS, A., XHAFA, F. (2011).Reasoning in event-based distributed systems. Berlin, Springer. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3066610. SINGH, S. K. (2011).Database systems: concepts, design and applications management. Delhi, Dorling Kindersley (India). https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/?fpi=9788131760925. QIAN, K. (2010).Software architecture and design illuminated. Sudbury, Mass, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. CRISTEA, V. (2010).Large-scale distributed computing and applications: models and trends. Hershey, PA, Information Science Reference. VOGEL, O., ARNOLD, I., CHUGHTAI, A., KEHRER, T. (2011).Software architecture a comprehensive framework and guide for practitioners. Berlin, Springer.